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<title>Computer-aided engineering</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Computer-aided engineering</span></span>

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<p><b>Computer-aided engineering</b> (<b>CAE</b>) is the general usage of technology to aid in tasks related to <a href="Engineering_analysis" title="Engineering analysis">engineering analysis</a>. Any use of technology to solve or assist engineering issues falls under this umbrella.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

<p>Following alongside the consistent improvement in computer graphics and speed, computer aid assists engineers with once complicated and time consuming tasks with the input of information and a press of a button.

</p><p>It includes <a href="Finite_element_method" title="Finite element method">finite element method</a> or analysis (FEA), <a href="Computational_fluid_dynamics" title="Computational fluid dynamics">computational fluid dynamics</a> (CFD), <a href="Multibody_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Multibody dynamics">multibody dynamics</a> (MBD), durability and optimization. It is included with <a href="Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">computer-aided design</a> (CAD) and <a href="Computer-aided_manufacturing" title="Computer-aided manufacturing">computer-aided manufacturing</a> (CAM) in a collective term and abbreviation <a href="Computer-aided_technologies" title="Computer-aided technologies">computer-aided technologies</a> (CAx).

</p><p>The term CAE has been used to describe the use of computer technology within engineering in a broader sense than just engineering analysis. It was in this context that the term was coined by Jason Lemon, founder of Structural Dynamics Research Corporation (<a href="SDRC" title="SDRC">SDRC</a>) in the late 1970s. However, this definition is better known today by the terms CAx and <a href="Product_lifecycle" title="Product lifecycle">product lifecycle</a> management (PLM).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>CAE systems are individually considered a single <a href="Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">node</a> on a total information network and each node may interact with other nodes on the network.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CAE_fields_and_phases">CAE fields and phases</h2></div>

<p>CAE areas covered include:

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<ul><li><a href="Stress_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress analysis">Stress analysis</a> on components and assemblies using finite element analysis (FEA);</li>

<li>Thermal and fluid flow analysis computational fluid dynamics (CFD);</li>

<li>Multibody dynamics (MBD) and <a href="Kinematics" title="Kinematics">kinematics</a>;</li>

<li>Analysis tools for process simulation for operations such as <a href="Casting" title="Casting">casting</a>, <a href="Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">molding</a>, and die press forming;</li>

<li><a href="Multidisciplinary_design_optimization" title="Multidisciplinary design optimization">Optimization</a> of the product or process.</li></ul>

<p>In general, there are three phases in any computer-aided engineering task:

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<ul><li>Pre-processing – defining the model and environmental factors to be applied to it (typically a finite element model, but facet, <a href="Voxel" title="Voxel">voxel</a>, and thin sheet methods are also used);</li>

<li>Analysis solver (usually performed on high powered computers);</li>

<li>Post-processing of results (using visualization tools).</li></ul>

<p>This cycle is iterated, often many times, either manually or with the use of <a href="Multidisciplinary_design_optimization#Commercial_MDO_Tools" title="Multidisciplinary design optimization">commercial optimization software</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CAE_in_the_automotive_industry">CAE in the automotive industry</h2></div>

<p>CAE tools are widely used in the <a href="Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">automotive industry</a>. Their use has enabled automakers to reduce product development costs and time while improving the safety, comfort, and durability of the vehicles they produce. The predictive capability of CAE tools has progressed to the point where much of the design verification is done using computer simulations (diagnosis) rather than physical <a href="Prototype" title="Prototype">prototype</a> testing. CAE dependability is based upon all proper assumptions as inputs and must identify critical inputs (BJ). Even though there have been many advances in CAE, and it is widely used in the engineering field, physical testing is still a must. It is used for verification and <a href="Finite_element_updating" title="Finite element updating">model updating</a>, to accurately define loads and boundary conditions, and for final prototype sign-off.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_future_of_CAE_in_the_product_development_process">The future of CAE in the product development process</h2></div>

<p>Even though CAE has built a strong reputation as a verification, troubleshooting and analysis tool, there is still a perception that sufficiently accurate results come rather late in the <a href="Design_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Design cycle">design cycle</a> to really drive the design. This can be expected to become a problem as modern products become ever more complex. They include <a href="Smart_system" title="Smart system">smart systems</a>, which leads to an increased need for multi-physics analysis including <a href="Control_system" title="Control system">controls</a>, and contain new lightweight materials, with which engineers are often less familiar.

CAE software companies and manufacturers are constantly looking for tools and process improvements to change this situation.

</p><p>On the software side, they are constantly looking to develop more powerful solvers, to better utilize computer resources, and to include engineering knowledge in pre and post-processing. Recent developments have seen the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning into CAE tools, enabling real-time simulations and predictive modeling.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the process side, they try to achieve a better alignment between 3D CAE, 1D system simulation, and physical testing. This should increase modeling realism and calculation speed.

</p><p>CAE software companies and manufacturers try to better integrate CAE in the overall <a href="Product_lifecycle" title="Product lifecycle">product lifecycle management</a>. In this way they can connect product design with product use, which is needed for smart products. This enhanced engineering process is also referred to as <a href="Predictive_engineering_analytics" title="Predictive engineering analytics">predictive engineering analytics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Multiphysics_simulation" title="Multiphysics simulation">Multiphysics simulation</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_finite_element_software_packages" title="List of finite element software packages">List of finite element software packages</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_representation_of_surfaces" title="Computer representation of surfaces">Computer representation of surfaces</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_electromagnetics" title="Computational electromagnetics">Computational electromagnetics</a> (CEM)</li>

<li><a href="Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a> (EDA)</li>

<li><a href="Multidisciplinary_design_optimization" title="Multidisciplinary design optimization">Multidisciplinary design optimization</a> (MDO)</li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_CAD_editors_for_CAE" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of CAD editors for CAE">Comparison of CAD editors for CAE</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_prototyping" title="Virtual prototyping">Virtual prototyping</a></li>

<li><a href="Finite_element_updating" title="Finite element updating">Finite element updating</a></li>

<li><a href="Predictive_engineering_analytics" title="Predictive engineering analytics">Predictive engineering analytics</a></li>

<li><a href="VE-Suite" title="VE-Suite">VE-Suite</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_computer-aided_engineering_software" title="List of computer-aided engineering software">List of computer-aided engineering software</a></li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFMarks" class="citation web cs1">Marks, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gfxspeak.com/2011/07/08/in-remembrance-of-dr-jason-a-lemon-cae-pioneer/">"2007: In Remembrance of Dr. Jason A. Lemon, CAE pioneer"</a>. <i>gfxspeak.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKoharGreveEllerConnolly2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kohar, Christopher P.; Greve, Lars; Eller, Tom K.; Connolly, Daniel S.; Inal, Kaan (2021-11-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004578252100339X">"A machine learning framework for accelerating the design process using CAE simulations: An application to finite element analysis in structural crashworthiness"</a></span>. <i>Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering</i>. <b>385</b>: 114008. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cma.2021.114008">10.1016/j.cma.2021.114008</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0045-7825">0045-7825</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_AuweraerAnthonisDe_BruyneLeuridan2012" class="citation journal cs1">Van der Auweraer, Herman; Anthonis, Jan; De Bruyne, Stijn; Leuridan, Jan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00366-012-0286-6">"Virtual engineering at work: the challenges for designing mechatronic products"</a>. <i>Engineering with Computers</i>. <b>29</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">389–</span>408. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00366-012-0286-6">10.1007/s00366-012-0286-6</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSeong_Wook_ChoSeung_Wook_KimJin-Pyo_ParkSang_Wook_Yang2011" class="citation journal cs1">Seong Wook Cho; Seung Wook Kim; Jin-Pyo Park; Sang Wook Yang; Young Choi (2011). "Engineering collaboration framework with CAE analysis data". <i>International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing</i>. <b>12</b>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<ul><li>B. Raphael and I.F.C. Smith (2003).<i> Fundamentals of computer aided engineering.</i> John Wiley. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-471-48715-9</bdi>.</li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Computer-aided_engineering" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Computer-aided engineering">Computer-aided engineering</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021080603/http://www.functionbay.de/why-multibody-dynamics-simulation.html">Why do we need a CAE Software or Numerical Simulations?</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caejournal.com">Computer Aided Engineering Journal WP:LINKROT</a> (FEA, CAD, ...)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iospress.nl/journal/integrated-computer-aided-engineering">Integrated Computer Aided Engineering Journal</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090127050052/http://eng.fea.ru/ANSYS_LSDYNA_AviGallery.html">CAE AVI-gallery at CompMechLab site, Russia</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=1093-9687">Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plm.automation.siemens.com/en_us/plm/predictive-engineering-analytics.shtml">Predictive engineering analytics</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Computer-aided_engineering_(CAE)_software157" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> (CAE) software</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Open-source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Advanced_Simulation_Library" title="Advanced Simulation Library">Advanced Simulation Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Calculix" title="Calculix">Calculix</a></li>

<li><a href="Code_Saturne" title="Code Saturne">Code Saturne</a></li>

<li><a href="Elmer_FEM_solver" title="Elmer FEM solver">Elmer</a></li>

<li><a href="FEBio" title="FEBio">FEBio</a></li>

<li><a href="FEniCS_Project" title="FEniCS Project">FEniCS</a></li>

<li><a href="FreeCAD" title="FreeCAD">FreeCAD</a></li>

<li><a href="FreeFem%2B%2B" title="FreeFem++">FreeFem++</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerris_(software)" title="Gerris (software)">Gerris</a></li>

<li><a href="GetFEM%2B%2B" title="GetFEM++">GetFEM++</a></li>

<li><a href="MOOSE_(software)" title="MOOSE (software)">MOOSE</a></li>

<li><a href="Nektar%2B%2B" title="Nektar++">Nektar++</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Cascade_Technology" title="Open Cascade Technology">Open Cascade Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenFOAM" title="OpenFOAM">OpenFOAM</a></li>

<li><a href="QBlade" title="QBlade">QBlade</a></li>

<li><a href="Salome_(software)" title="Salome (software)">Salome</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abaqus" title="Abaqus">Abaqus</a></li>

<li><a href="Actran" title="Actran">Actran</a></li>

<li><a href="ADINA" title="ADINA">ADINA</a></li>

<li><a href="Altair_Engineering" title="Altair Engineering">Altair</a></li>

<li><a href="Ansys" title="Ansys">Ansys</a></li>

<li><a href="Autodesk_Simulation" title="Autodesk Simulation">Autodesk Simulation</a></li>

<li><a href="CATIA" title="CATIA">CATIA</a></li>

<li><a href="COMSOL_Multiphysics" title="COMSOL Multiphysics">COMSOL Multiphysics</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_Simulation_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Simulation Technology">CST Studio Suite</a></li>

<li><a href="DIANA_FEA" title="DIANA FEA">DIANA</a></li>

<li><a href="FEATool_Multiphysics" title="FEATool Multiphysics">FEATool Multiphysics</a></li>

<li><a href="Femap" title="Femap">Femap</a></li>

<li><a href="Fluent%2C_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Fluent, Inc.">Fluent</a></li>

<li><a href="FORAN_System" title="FORAN System">FORAN</a></li>

<li><a href="JCMsuite" title="JCMsuite">JCMsuite</a></li>

<li><a href="MSC_Adams" title="MSC Adams">MSC Adams</a></li>

<li><a href="Nastran" title="Nastran">Nastran</a></li>

<li><a href="SESAM_(FEM)" class="mw-redirect" title="SESAM (FEM)">Sesam</a></li>

<li><a href="Siemens_NX" title="Siemens NX">Siemens NX</a></li>

<li><a href="Simcenter_STAR-CCM%2B" title="Simcenter STAR-CCM+">Simcenter STAR-CCM+</a></li>

<li><a href="SolidWorks" title="SolidWorks">SolidWorks</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud-based</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="SimScale" title="SimScale">SimScale</a></li>

<li><a href="CONSELF" title="CONSELF">CONSELF</a></li>

<li><a href="Onshape" title="Onshape">Onshape</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metalworking238" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Metalworking238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Machining_and_computing354" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Machining and computing</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer-aided<br>engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Numerical_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical control">Numerical control (NC and CNC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Stewart_platform" title="Stewart platform">Stewart platform</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drilling and<br>threading</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Drill" title="Drill">Drill</a></li>

<li><a href="Drill_bit" title="Drill bit">Drill bit</a></li>

<li><a href="Drill_bit_shank" title="Drill bit shank">Drill bit shank</a></li>

<li><a href="Drill_bit_sizes" title="Drill bit sizes">Drill bit sizes</a></li>

<li><a href="Drilling" title="Drilling">Drilling</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_drill_and_tap_sizes" title="List of drill and tap sizes">List of drill and tap sizes</a></li>

<li><a href="Tap_wrench" title="Tap wrench">Tap wrench</a></li>

<li><a href="Threading_(manufacturing)" title="Threading (manufacturing)">Threading</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grinding and<br>lapping</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasive</a></li>

<li><a href="Abrasive_machining" title="Abrasive machining">Abrasive machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Angle_grinder" title="Angle grinder">Angle grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Bench_grinder" title="Bench grinder">Bench grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Coated_abrasive" class="mw-redirect" title="Coated abrasive">Coated abrasive</a></li>

<li><a href="Cylindrical_grinder" title="Cylindrical grinder">Cylindrical grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharpening_stone#Diamond_plate" title="Sharpening stone">Diamond plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Flick_grinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Flick grinder">Flick grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Grinding_(abrasive_cutting)" title="Grinding (abrasive cutting)">Grinding</a></li>

<li><a href="Grinding_dresser" title="Grinding dresser">Grinding dresser</a></li>

<li><a href="Grinding_machine" title="Grinding machine">Grinding machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Grinding_wheel" title="Grinding wheel">Grinding wheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Jig_grinder" title="Jig grinder">Jig grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Lapping" title="Lapping">Lapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sanding</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharpening_stone" title="Sharpening stone">Sharpening stone</a></li>

<li><a href="Spark_testing" title="Spark testing">Spark testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_grinding" title="Surface grinding">Surface grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Tool_and_cutter_grinder" title="Tool and cutter grinder">Tool and cutter grinder</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Machining</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Boring_(manufacturing)" title="Boring (manufacturing)">Boring</a></li>

<li><a href="Broaching_(metalworking)" title="Broaching (metalworking)">Broaching</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_discharge_machining" title="Electrical discharge machining">Electrical discharge machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrochemical_machining" title="Electrochemical machining">Electrochemical machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Electron-beam_machining" title="Electron-beam machining">Electron-beam machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Engraving" title="Engraving">Engraving</a></li>

<li><a href="Facing_(machining)" title="Facing (machining)">Facing</a></li>

<li><a href="Hobbing" title="Hobbing">Hobbing</a></li>

<li><a href="Jig_borer" title="Jig borer">Jig borer</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">Machine tool</a></li>

<li><a href="Machining" title="Machining">Machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Metal_lathe" title="Metal lathe">Metal lathe</a></li>

<li><a href="Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">Milling</a></li>

<li><a href="Milling_cutter" title="Milling cutter">Milling cutter</a></li>

<li><a href="Pantograph" title="Pantograph">Pantograph</a></li>

<li><a href="Photochemical_machining" title="Photochemical machining">Photochemical machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Planer_(metalworking)" title="Planer (metalworking)">Planer</a></li>

<li><a href="Reamer" title="Reamer">Reamer</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotary_transfer_machine" title="Rotary transfer machine">Rotary transfer machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Shaper" title="Shaper">Shaper</a></li>

<li><a href="Skiving_(metalworking)" title="Skiving (metalworking)">Skiving</a></li>

<li><a href="Turning" title="Turning">Turning</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultrasonic_machining" title="Ultrasonic machining">Ultrasonic machining</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Machine tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Angle_plate" title="Angle plate">Angle plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Chuck_(engineering)" title="Chuck (engineering)">Chuck</a></li>

<li><a href="Collet" title="Collet">Collet</a></li>

<li><a href="Fixture_(tool)" title="Fixture (tool)">Fixture</a></li>

<li><a href="Indexing_head" title="Indexing head">Indexing head</a></li>

<li><a href="Lathe_center" title="Lathe center">Lathe center</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_taper" title="Machine taper">Machine taper</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic_switchable_device" title="Magnetic switchable device">Magnetic switchable device</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotary_table" title="Rotary table">Rotary table</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiggler_(tool)" title="Wiggler (tool)">Wiggler</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cutting_fluid" title="Cutting fluid">Cutting fluid</a></li>

<li><a href="Machining_vibrations" title="Machining vibrations">Machining vibrations</a></li>

<li><a href="Speeds_and_feeds" title="Speeds and feeds">Speeds and feeds</a></li>

<li><a href="Swarf" title="Swarf">Swarf</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_tolerance" title="Engineering tolerance">Tolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="Tool_and_die_maker" title="Tool and die maker">Tool and die making</a></li>

<li><a href="Tramp_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramp oil">Tramp oil</a></li>

<li><a href="Workpiece" title="Workpiece">Workpiece</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Casting" title="Casting">Casting</a></li>

<li><a href="Metal_fabrication" title="Metal fabrication">Fabrication</a></li>

<li><a href="Forming_processes" title="Forming processes">Forming</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></li>

<li><a href="Machining" title="Machining">Machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li>

<li><a href="Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">Smithing</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_metalworking" title="Outline of metalworking">Tools and terminology</a></li>

<li><a href="Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Engineering683" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Engineering683" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_engineering" title="History of engineering">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_engineering" title="Outline of engineering">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_engineering_branches" title="List of engineering branches">List of engineering branches</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialties<br>and<br><a href="Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">interdisciplinarity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural</a></li>

<li><a href="Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sanitary_engineering" title="Sanitary engineering">Sanitary</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Geological_engineering" title="Geological engineering">Geological</a></li>

<li><a href="Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydraulic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_engineering" title="Mining engineering">Mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Municipal_or_urban_engineering" title="Municipal or urban engineering">Municipal/urban</a></li>

<li><a href="Offshore_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore engineering">Offshore</a></li>

<li><a href="River_engineering" title="River engineering">River</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural</a></li>

<li><a href="Transportation_engineering" title="Transportation engineering">Transportation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Traffic_engineering_(transportation)" title="Traffic engineering (transportation)">Traffic</a></li>

<li><a href="Railway_engineering" title="Railway engineering">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical engineering">Acoustic</a></li>

<li><a href="Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace</a></li>

<li><a href="Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">Automotive</a></li>

<li><a href="Biomechanical_engineering" title="Biomechanical engineering">Biomechanical</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_engineering" title="Energy engineering">Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Manufacturing_engineering" title="Manufacturing engineering">Manufacturing</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_engineering" title="Marine engineering">Marine</a></li>

<li><a href="Naval_architecture" title="Naval architecture">Naval architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Railway_engineering" title="Railway engineering">Railway</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_engineering" title="Sports engineering">Sports</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_engineering" title="Thermal engineering">Thermal</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribology" title="Tribology">Tribology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Broadcast_engineering" title="Broadcast engineering">Broadcast</a>

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_computer_engineering" title="Outline of computer engineering">outline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control</a></li>

<li><a href="Electromechanics" title="Electromechanics">Electromechanics</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Microwave_engineering" title="Microwave engineering">Microwaves</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_engineering" title="Optical engineering">Optical</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_engineering" title="Power engineering">Power</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio-frequency_engineering" title="Radio-frequency engineering">Radio-frequency</a></li>

<li><a href="Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">Signal processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecommunications_engineering" title="Telecommunications engineering">Telecommunications</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biochemical_engineering" title="Biochemical engineering">Biochemical/bioprocess</a></li>

<li><a href="Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bioresource_engineering" title="Bioresource engineering">Bioresource</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Tissue_engineering" title="Tissue engineering">Tissue</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_reaction_engineering" title="Chemical reaction engineering">Chemical reaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrochemical_engineering" title="Electrochemical engineering">Electrochemical</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_engineering" title="Molecular engineering">Molecular</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_engineering" title="Paper engineering">Paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_engineering" title="Process engineering">Process</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_reaction_engineering" title="Chemical reaction engineering">Reaction</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biomaterial" title="Biomaterial">Biomaterial</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramics</a></li>

<li><a href="Corrosion_engineering" title="Corrosion engineering">Corrosion</a></li>

<li><a href="Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_engineering" title="Molecular engineering">Molecular</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li>

<li><a href="Polymer_engineering" title="Polymer engineering">Polymers</a></li>

<li><a href="Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">Semiconductors</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_engineering" title="Surface engineering">Surfaces</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Systems_engineering_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Systems engineering (disambiguation)">Computer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Cybersecurity_engineering" title="Cybersecurity engineering">Cybersecurity</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_network_engineering" title="Computer network engineering">Networks</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotics_engineering" title="Robotics engineering">Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Engineering_education" title="Engineering education">Engineering education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bachelor_of_Engineering" title="Bachelor of Engineering">Bachelor of Engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a></li>

<li><a href="Master's_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a></li>

<li><a href="Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorate</a></li>

<li><a href="Graduate_certificate" title="Graduate certificate">Graduate certificate</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineer's_degree" title="Engineer's degree">Engineer's degree</a></li>

<li><a href="Regulation_and_licensure_in_engineering" title="Regulation and licensure in engineering">Licensed engineer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Engineer" title="Engineer">Engineer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Glossary" title="Glossary">Glossaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Engineering

<li><a href="Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering" title="Glossary of aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_civil_engineering" title="Glossary of civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_mechanical_engineering" title="Glossary of mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_structural_engineering" title="Glossary of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural</a></li>

<li><a href="Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio</a></li>

<li><a href="Automation_engineering" title="Automation engineering">Automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Clinical_engineering" title="Clinical engineering">Clinical</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_technology" title="Health technology">Health technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharmaceutical_engineering" title="Pharmaceutical engineering">Pharmaceutical</a></li>

<li><a href="Rehabilitation_engineering" title="Rehabilitation engineering">Rehabilitation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services</a>

<li><a href="Design_engineer" title="Design engineer">Design</a></li>

<li><a href="Explosives_engineering" title="Explosives engineering">Explosives</a></li>

<li><a href="Facilities_engineering" title="Facilities engineering">Facilities</a></li>

<li><a href="Forensic_engineering" title="Forensic engineering">Forensic</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate engineering">Climate</a></li>

<li><a href="Geomatics_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomatics engineering">Geomatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Graphics</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_engineering" title="Information engineering">Information</a></li>

<li><a href="Instrumentation_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumentation engineering">Instrumentation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Instrumentation_and_control_engineering" title="Instrumentation and control engineering">Instrumentation and control</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Logistics_engineering" title="Logistics engineering">Logistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_management" title="Engineering management">Management</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_mathematics" title="Engineering mathematics">Mathematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">Mechatronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering">Nuclear</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontology_engineering" title="Ontology engineering">Ontology</a></li>

<li><a href="Packaging_engineering" title="Packaging engineering">Packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">Physics</a></li>

<li><a href="Privacy_engineering" title="Privacy engineering">Privacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_engineering" title="Security engineering">Security</a></li>

<li><a href="Survey_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Survey engineering">Survey</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">Sustainability</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Textile_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile engineering">Textile</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Engineering" class="extiw external" title="commons:Engineering">Commons</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> Wikiproject</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3AEngineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Portal</a></li></ul>

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